About Prehistoric Oregon

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With a locality near the Wheeler Amphitheater, House Range, Millard County, in western Utah. Inventions Associated with the Appearance of Plants and Animals. Currently only two series and five stages are named and have a.

The famous iridium-enriched Cretaceous—Paleogene boundary, which separates the Cretaceous from the Cenozoic, occurs as a discontinuous but distinct thin marker bedding within the Formation, near its uppermost strata. For images of recent foraminifera, see the H. Plant phyla have a more variable fossil record, many appearing much later, because of the problem of land-colonialization.

About Prehistoric Oregon

One of the most remarkable examples of the Silent Speech is the fossil record. Indeed, they alone prove that the globe has not always had the same crust, by the certainty of the fact that they must have existed at the surface before they were buried in the depths where they are now found. It is only by analogy that we extend to primitive formations that conclusion which fossils enable us definitively to ascribe to secondary formations; and if there were only formations without fossils, no one could prove that these formations were not simultaneously produced. Again, it is to fossils, small as has been our acquaintance with them, that we owe the little knowledge we have attained respecting the nature of the revolutions of the globe. They have taught us, that the layers which comprise them have been undisturbedly deposited in a liquid; that their alterations have corresponded with those of the liquid; that their exposure was occasioned by the removal of this liquid; that these exposures have taken place more than once. None of these facts could have been decided on without these fossils. See also David C. Bossard, , IBRI Research Report 57 2006 l The existence of fossils in and by themselves, carefully preserved by the Creator over hundreds of millions -- even billions -- of years, have led to the certain understanding that the Earth is exceedingly ancient, and this fact was known decades before modern dating techniques were known. Only these fossils have made it possible to prove that the same uniquely identifiable plant and animal species co-existed in time all over the habitable parts of the earth. Since that early recognition of the importance of fossils, modern advances in science have taken the insights provided by fossils to an astonishing degree, leading to finer and finer calibration of the details of how life developed on Earth. The discovery of uncounted numbers of microscopic fossils, the refinement of multiple, overlapping radioactive dating techniques, the uncovering of rare but abundantly prolific remains of both hard and soft tissues of a broad range of species from the very beginning of multicellular life adds to the marvels of insight provided by these fossils. This speech from the fossil record has revealed itself and made possible an understanding Earth's history in the distant past. This silent speech has proclaimed God's glory and handiwork for over 300 years, and the fruitful results contnue to arrive in an increasing crescendo right up to the present time. In 1991 they set the Cambrian boundary at the first appearance of fossil burrows known as Trichophycus pedum, that were obviously made by a complex animal, probably an arthropod, dated to 590 Ma. Since that time the date has been moved to a later time; it is still under discussion. See the lecture, David C. In the time between the creation of the first life around 3,900 Ma and the appearance of visible, multicellular life in the Cambrian Era, a principle task of life as it then existed was to fill the globe with organic nutrients in preparation for the future creation of complex life another task was to create an oxygen atmosphere. Fixed nitrogen was scarce throughout the first few billion years of Earth's existence, and had to be manufactured from atmospheric nitrogen gas by the difficult, slow, energy intensive process of nitrogen fixing. Nitrogen fixing is done by bacteria that specialize in that one task. They first make the complex nitrogenase molecule, and then concentrate on the single task of fixing nitrogen one molecule at a time -- a process that takes about 1. This task is so all-demanding that the nitrogen-fixing cells require food and energy in the form of ATP provided by other cells: most nitrogen-fixing bacteria cannot live independent lives. The more complex the life form, the less it can afford to take the time or energy to create its own food. Thus there has to be readily available organic food -- amino acids, nucleotides, sugars, etc. Small amounts of inorganic nitrogen are produced by lightning, but this is transitory and not reliable. It is difficult to estimate the amount produced in ancient times, but over the past billion years or so, the percentage of fixed nitrogen produced by inorganic means is estimated to be under?? This filling of the earth took a long time, and this is the primary reason why the first appearance of visible plants and animals in the Cambrian explosion around 540 Ma was over three billion years after the first living cell appeared on earth. The first plants and animals lived in water. They fed on dissolved nutrients, microbes, colonies of algae and plankton, and of course on other small plants and animals. Even nitrogen-fixing bacteria must depend on other bacteria to supply organic food. True multi-cellular species arose somewhere between 1000 Ma and 550 Ma. At the beginning they had no skeletons or other hard parts, so the earliest fossils are limited to burrows of worm-like animals, compressed impressions or mats of plants, and other indirect evidence. One exception to this rule is the rare appearance of soft-body fossils in the Burgess Shale and Cheng-Jiang Cambrian sites, which were preserved under oxygen-free conditions. All plants and animals at this stage lived in the oceans. The first colonizers of dry land 400-450 Ma were bacteria which could hide from direct sunlight -- in soils or under rocks. Animal fossils appear suddenly in the Cambrian Era, nominally 542 to 500 Ma with the nearly-simultaneous appearance of most if not all of the known animal body plans phyla. Plant phyla have a more variable fossil record, many appearing much later, because of the problem of land-colonialization. One of the first and most complex animals to appear is the trilobite, an arthropod joint-footed appendages , which by any reckoning must be viewed as a complex and morphologically advanced creature. Until positive evidence arises to support this such as soft-bodied trilobites this seems to be a case of special pleading in the absence of evidence. According to this hypothesis, the Cambrian explosion merely represents the sudden appearance of shells and skeletons in animals that had evolved long before. The fossil evidence, however, does not support this hypothesis. Coral reefs also appear at this time, the by-product of early soft-bodied cnidarians who secrete calcium that forms a hard habitat in which the coral individuals dwell somewhat like the much earlier stromatolyte-forming cyanobacteria. Since the cnidarians are basically soft-bodied, it is not difficult to imagine that the coral ancestors were soft-bodied creatures that did not secrete calcium. Fossil and foraminifera also appear at this time. In general, the hard parts of animals are calcium calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate and silica silicon dioxide -- quartz and sand. Because of the soft bodies, the early plant record is less abundant, and plants as we commonly think of them do not flourish in the fossil record until they begin to appear on land, around 350 Ma. By this time, an ozone layer in the outer atmosphere has built up to the point that it can filter out the most harmful hard cosmic rays, which allows both plants and animals to grow on dry land. Because of this late appearance in the fossil record, we will discuss animal creation first, even though animals are admittedly much more complex than plants. As we noted in an earlier chapter, evidence of single-celled cyanobacteria goes back to nearly the earliest stages of the Earth, when it was first cool enough to have oceans and living cells. These, too, left a fossil record in the form of stromatolytes which were formed by calcium excretions of the bacteria. The formed made up of single-celled bacteria, in which the bacteria specialize in various ways that benefit the colony as a whole. Specialized forms of cyanobacteria include which fix nitrogen, and , which are a dormant, protective form that can survive harsh conditions. All single-celled eukaryotic species live in water, or at least in moist environments soils or tissues. Lynn Margulis places these species in the kingdom Protoctista. Many of the species have complex life-cycles that include colonial phases. Ongoing reserach on this species is proceeding in a number of areas: cellular differentiation, signaling, programmed cell death, etc. The DNA has been completely sequenced. It is independent single-celled amoebas at one stage. At this point some of the original amoebas undergo programmed deaths to form the stalks and other specialized portions of the fruiting body. In the aggregated stages, the individual amoebas appear to use chemical signalling to initiate the various stages in the life cycle and coordinate the movements of the aggregation. The Silent Speech of Psalm 19 includes an extensive record of how the Earth's landmass changed over the entire fossil record of life on earth. The description of this tectonic movement combines a number of scientific disciplines, and involves extensive information preserved in a continuous record for over 500 million years. The website shows this in one of the best collection of available on the Internet, The fact that scientists can form these maps of the distant past is a remarkable example of how God has invested his Creation with a silent speech that proclaims his glory and handiwork. Many-Celled Plants and Animals. What is the difference between a colony of individual single-celled species and a multi-cellular plant or animal? Presumably the individual cells of multi-celled species cannot enjoy an independent existence. This situation was already seen in the heterocysts of cyanobacteria, which depend on sustenance from adjacent cyanobacteria. The cyanobacteria form heterocysts when they are facing a nitrogen deficiency. The nitrogen production is destroyed by oxygen which is a byproduct of photosynthesis, and so the heterocysts get the ATP and sugars produced by photosynthesis from adjacent cells. See also the Wikipedia article on the. Inventions Associated with the Appearance of Plants and Animals. Chromosomes -- The Difference between Plants and Animals. And therein lies all the difference. An algorithmic body plan is rule-based with random variations superimposed. The body plans for plants are typically algorithmic and result in the haphazard appearance of tree branches, leaf veins. It is not that they have no systematic plan, it is that the plan is algorithmic: put out a new branch in a random direction according to an established rule for that species. The result is roughly symmetric in the large but apparently haphazard in the small. Tree shapes and leaf shapes follow a general pattern that is species-dependent. Figure 3 shows an example of algorithmic growth of leaf veins. Algorithms control the random placement of the main, secondary and tertiary branching. In this instance, all of the branching occurs in the plane of the leaf, but the spacing and orientation of the veins is clearly random but follows definite rules. These do not move relative to one another. Growth occurs by cell division interior to the cell wall?? See also the Wikipedia article on the. Topological body plans take account of cell location within the body. Animal body plans are topological. The body plan of an first shows up in the blastula a hollow sphere , which is entirely formed of undifferentiated stem cells. From this stage on the stem cells immediately begin to differentiate based on position and orientation in the embryo, and locate the future head, legs, intestine, nerve system, etc. Thus the topological body plan is fundamental to all animals, in contrast to plants. The is controlled by a package of genes called the hox genes. The composition of this gene package varies by phylum?? The hox genes control gene expression, and the parameters for this gene expression are stored in non-coding portions of the dna i. All hox genes are headed by a dna marker of 183 base pairs called the homeobox and the corresponding 61 amino acid section of the hox proteins is called the. The implementation of the body plan permits variation in development within closely defined limits. This variation is called. This variation is in addition to changes that result from radiation damage or various types of copying errors that may slip through the cell's error-checking machinery. Apparently a mechanism exists to preserve some of these variations, so that it can occasionally be passed on to future generations -- probably within the non-coding portions of the dna. The Animal kingdom appears suddenly in the fossil record over 600 My ago, in what has come to be called the Cambrian explosion. We will meet trilobites, a kind of arthropod, in a minute. Animals differ from plants in that they have a much more elaborate body plan that is built into the embryonic development. The various animal phyla differ in the organization of these genes, and the resulting complexity of the species. The irony, from the perspective of natural evolution, is that all of the basic animal body plans appear almost simultaneously within about a 10 My span of time about 530 Ma. Recent work on development genes indicates that at this time, a number of basic gene packages appear which were used over and over in many combinations during the subsequent development of animal life. For example, there are development gene packages to control the development of appendages, of eyes, of the nervous system. These same packages are used repeatedly in different configurations over the next 500My. In sexual animals: diploid is normal. With the creation of the eukaryotic cell, multi-cellular plants and animals can be made. Remarkable living fossil from the Cambrian Era: -- ancestral to later mollusc classes. First appear Early Cambrian, about 542 Ma. See the developed and maintained by Michael Hesemann. PR-28 - Chlorophyta green algae. Wheeler Shale, Millard County, Utah PR-31 - Actinopoda Radiolaria. However this is a pay-per-view. PR-33 - Rhodophyta red algae. Early Cambrian fossils include a short-lived about 10My but prolific blossoming of a sponge. They are the first reef-building animals, conical shaped with a calcium carbonate calcite shell -- similar in overall shape to the later. Because of their brief span they are an index fossil for the lower Cambrian. The include horseshoe crabs, scorpions, spiders and mites. The shells are somewhat soft and may not fossilize well. Cambrian examples are sometimes disputed. The is perhaps the most remarkable Cambrian fossil. It appeared suddenly as a fully formed arthropod, and lasted for over 200 My, becoming extinct in the Permian Extinction about 250 Ma. Trilobite fossils represent the earliest clearly defined occurrence of compound eyes. In most classification schemes the trilobite is placed in its own phylum because of its unique body structure which consists of multiple segments each with three lobes left to right. The only comparable animal is a newly-hatched trilobite larva of the horseshoe crab a Chelicerate , so-named because its body plan resembles a trilobite. The Cambrian trilobites are mostly small, but in later times some fossils are quite large -- up to 28 inches. See the Chapter on Phyla for further remarks on the trilobite, particularly the trilobite eyes. Early Cambrian Trilobite A-21 Phylum Mandibulata. This phylum includes the classes Hexapoda Insecta -- insects and spiders , Crustacea -- crabs, shrimp and lobsters, and Myriapoda -- centipedes and millipedes. CHECK THIS OUT FOR MORE PIX!! It is a segmented worm about 3 cm in length. It appears to be armored with interlocking plates. There are no Cambrian examples. A Cambrian fossil Mollusc class is named. Since that time a number of other specimens have been found. Modern species live on the ocean bed in deep water. Scaphopoda may date from the mid-Ordovician Era. WIKI Get examples from plates in Second contribution to the studies on the Cambrian faunas of North America By Charles Doolittle Walcott 1886 A-34 Phylum Echinodermata. The include starfish, sea lilies, sea urcins, and sea cucumbers. Most of these appear later in the Ordovician Era. The sea lilies Crinoids , or at any rate, crinoid-like fossils, occur in the Cambrian Era. Gogia is the most common example. The name applies both to these bony structures and to the animal itself. They are plentiful, and amount to a trace fossil, appearing between the mid-Cambrian to the Triassic Era. In 1952 the first complete conodont fossil from the Granton Shrimp Bed, Carboniferous Era by E. This is confirmed by some recent papers: see at the website. Other than these bony structures, the first full fossil was discovered by in 1963. Since the initial description, other complete specimens have been identified. The conodont elements can be retrieved from limestone formations by dissolving the limestone in acid. Unburied and unheated conodonts have a light amber color because they retain complex organic molecules in the skeletal framework. When conodonts undergo deep burial and heating, these organic molecules change or mature in the same manner as do organic substances in the strata that are transformed into oil and natural gas. As the organics in the conodonts mature, the conodonts change color from light amber to dark amber to brown until they turn black. The soft-bodied conodonts lived between the Mid-Cambrian and the ~520 Ma to 251 Ma. This is much greater accuracy than even the most precise dating with radioactive half-lives. The teeth vary their appearance slowly over time and have very distinctive shapes, so that specific micro-formations can be correlated worldwide, providing a precise way to date widely disperse formations, a fact that is widely used in the examination of drill core samples in petroleum exploration. Conodont Elements WORKING However, a new convicing candidate for first chordate was announced in 1999 with Haikouichys -- an early 530 MYA Cambrian fossil found in China. These 2 to 3- cm fossils resemble a tiny fish -- the first such animal in the fossil record officially the first bony fish fossils are from the Ordovician Era. Better specimens were announced in 2003 which show well-developed eyes, and other sensory structures characteristic of the cratiates, as well as the muscle blocks typical of early vertebrates Nature 421, pp 526-529. What this implies for algorithmic body plans. The puzzle is that very similar features appear to have risen independently in widely diverse species. An example is the human eye phylum Chordata which is very similar to the octopus eye phylum Mollusca. The answer, which is gradually emerging from the experimental science evolutionary development, EvoDevo for short, is that the development of many if not all major organs and development structures? This observation does not, of course, explain how those packages arose in the first place. From the viewpoint of EvoDevo, widely different morphologies occur by activating these development genes in different ways, not by creating new genes. Experiments which consist in manipulating the genetics to insert body parts in odd places has led to the identity of many of these gene packages. Contrast with fractals plants.

This extinct class is sometimes considered a subclass of the Selachians because it has a cartilagenous skeleton. It matches closely with unit Pc of Stewart and Carlson 1978. Flowering plants arose in conjunction with the arrival of bees and insects that are adapted specifically in pollenation. The variety and number of fossils known is deceptive. The Difference between Plants and Animals What is a plant and what is an animal? All other chelicerates have a full development pattern with the hatched larva very similar to the adult.